The stack up design of a PCB (printed circuit board) directly determines its electrical performance, mechanical reliability, manufacturability and cost. Among these, Through Hole Board and HDI boards are the two main types, and there is a fundamental difference in the underlying logic of their stack up designs—this difference stems from the fundamental differences between […]
HDI PCB(High Density Interconnect) is a core PCB manufacturing process designed for high-density wiring, characterised primarily by the use of micro-blind vias and buried blind vias to achieve efficient interconnection between different copper layers within the circuit board. As electronic products rapidly evolve towards lighter, thinner and higher-performance designs, market demand for HDI boards continues
In the efficiency race of power electronics systems, engineers often focus on “front-end parameters” such as the on-resistance, gate charge, and reverse recovery charge of switching devices. However, a deeper, more fundamental factor—the “Substrate Diode“—whose impact is amplified after system integration, is often the hidden battleground determining the performance ceiling and long-term reliability of the
In the field of PCB manufacturing, the circuit patterning process is a critical factor in determining the performance and quality of the PCB. Among these, Tenting (subtractive process), SAP (semi-additive process) and mSAP (modified semi-additive process) are three core processes, each with its own unique characteristics and suitable applications. These three processes differ significantly in
High frequency PCBs for military radar serve as the core hardware platform within radar systems, undertaking critical tasks such as signal transmission, power amplification and processing; their performance directly determines the radar’s detection accuracy, anti-jamming capability and response speed. As military radars typically operate in the microwave to millimetre-wave bands (40–94 GHz), high frequency signals
Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) is a core quality inspection technology in the PCB manufacturing sector. It relies on machine vision and image recognition technologies, combining lighting systems, high-definition camera systems and image processing and recognition systems. By capturing images of the PCB’s surface and internal layers via high-definition cameras, and then analysing and comparing them
The design of thick copper PCBs differs significantly from that of conventional thin copper PCBs. The core challenge lies in ‘balancing high current-carrying capacity, efficient heat dissipation and manufacturing feasibility’—line width calculations must take into account both current-carrying capacity and etching processes, via design must avoid voids, and thermal management must utilise the advantages of
Underetching of PCB circuit traces primarily occurs during the etching process. Any deviation in the concentration, temperature, spray pressure or etching time of the etching solution will significantly increase the risk of underetching. Many PCB manufacturers encounter underetching issues because they adopt a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to parameter settings, failing to take into account the differing
Every improvement in the precision of flexible circuit formation drives the expansion of ceramic pcb into high-end applications such as 5G communications, medical electronics and aerospace. As the two core processes in the PCB manufacturing industry, subtractive and additive methods are not mutually exclusive; rather, they form a complementary and symbiotic technological landscape centred on
High-frequency, low-loss FPCs (flexible printed circuit boards) are the key medium for signal transmission in 5G communication equipment; their material properties directly determine the transmission speed, stability and coverage of 5G signals. As 5G technology evolves from the Sub-6GHz band to the millimetre-wave band, and application scenarios expand from consumer devices to industrial internet, aerospace
Metal Core PCB (MCPCBs), also known as Insulated Metal Substrate (IMS) PCBs or thermal PCBs, are a type of printed circuit board that uses a metal plate as the substrate instead of traditional FR4 fibreglass cloth, and are primarily used to address heat dissipation issues in high-power electronic components. MCPCBs consist of a three-layer structure:
Ceramic circuit boards offer unique advantages in terms of wide temperature ranges, high thermal conductivity, high-frequency stability and resistance to harsh environments, enabling them to meet the stringent requirements of extreme military sensors for substrate materials. Requirements of Extreme Military Sensors for Ceramic Circuit Boards Wide Temperature Range and Extreme Temperature ResistanceMilitary sensors are frequently
With the trend towards higher frequencies, miniaturisation and higher performance in electronic devices, high frequency PCBs (printed circuit boards) are now widely used in fields such as 5G communications, satellite communications, millimetre-wave radar and GPS modules. The choice of materials directly determines signal transmission quality, operational stability and product lifespan. Compared to standard PCBs, high
Industry Challenges, Evolution, and the Historical Framework of PCB Cutting machines Technology About pcb cutting machines, In an era where electronic product iteration cycles are measured in months, the PCB, as the physical foundation upon which everything is built, experiences amplified impacts on any bottleneck in its manufacturing process. Looking back over the past two
In the PCB manufacturing process, although pcb inks are classified as auxiliary materials, they play an indispensable role in PCB circuit boards. Different types of ink not only determine the feasibility and yield of the production process, but also directly affect the electrical performance of the PCB. Main Types of PCB Inks 1.Conductive InkConductive ink
High-Density Interconnect (HDI) PCBs, with their finer line widths, smaller via diameters and higher routing density, have become indispensable core components in sectors such as smartphones, high-end telecommunications equipment and automotive electronics. However, compared to traditional PCBs, the manufacturing costs of HDI PCBs are significantly higher, presenting a practical challenge that many companies must address
Against the backdrop of 5G base stations evolving towards millimetre-wave technology, antennas—as key components for signal transmission and reception—directly influence network coverage capabilities. PTFE PCB (polytetrafluoroethylene printed circuit board) is a crucial substrate that underpins the high-frequency performance of antennas. When millimetre-wave signals such as 28GHz and 39GHz are transmitted within a base station, PTFE
In the mSAP process, the core of impedance control lies in ensuring that the impedance of PCB traces meets design standards through comprehensive parameter management throughout the entire process. Compared to traditional subtractive methods, impedance control in the mSAP process is characterised by three key aspects: precision, consistency and adaptability. Whilst impedance deviations in traditional
The flight control board is the core control unit of a drone, responsible for attitude calculation, sensor fusion and the execution of flight algorithms. Its PCB primarily carries high-speed signals, placing extremely high demands on impedance control, signal integrity and EMI/EMC performance; it typically employs an HDI structure and micro-blind via design to achieve a
mSAP (Modified Semi-Additive Process) is a high-precision manufacturing technology designed for High-Density Interconnect (HDI) PCBs. Its core principle is ‘seed copper plating + selective etching’. By adopting an ‘additive’ approach—the opposite of the traditional subtractive method—it achieves fine-line processing: an ultra-thin copper foil, just 3μm thick, is bonded to the substrate; photoresist is used to
FPC surface treatment is not merely an optional auxiliary process, but a critical step that determines soldering reliability and storage life. Bare copper is highly susceptible to oxidation; without protection, subsequent processes such as surface-mount assembly and bonding face a high risk of failure. Different surface treatment processes correspond to varying costs, performance characteristics and
With 5G moving towards millimetre-wave frequencies and 6G targeting the terahertz range, high-frequency signals place unprecedented demands on PCB substrates to achieve low loss. Low dielectric polymer materials, with their extremely low dielectric constant (Dk) and dielectric loss factor (Df), have become the key to overcoming signal attenuation and ensuring stable, high-speed transmission. The core
The Multidimensional Composition of Flex PCB Thickness: Beyond the Definition of “Board Material” When we talk about flex PCB thickness, we are dealing with a dynamic, multi-material composite system. Unlike the single-board concept of rigid FR4, the thickness of a flexible circuit board (FPC) is precisely composed of multiple functional layers, and every micrometer increase
77GHz radar primarily utilises Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) technology: by transmitting a linearly frequency-modulated ‘chirp signal’ and analysing the frequency and phase differences between the reflected echo and the transmitted signal, it extracts information on the target’s range, velocity and bearing. This operating principle places key demands on PCBs, and Rogers PCBs, thanks to their
